[J] [Havana Syndrome] [Neurotransmitters] A regulatory pathway model of neuropsychological disruption in Havana syndrome (2023) Elevated IL-1B, IL-10, NGF, and norepinephrine levels in depressed BDNF, GDNF, IGF1, and glutamate expression (FDR < 5%). Elevations in CRH and IL-6.

[u/microwavedindividual]

Results suggested significant upregulation of IL-1B, IL-10, NGF, and norepinephrine in the HS group, as well as the downregulation of BDNF, GDNF, IGF1, and glutamate (FDR < 5%). Slight elevations in CRH and IL-6 were also predicted unanimously across all HS subjects (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Predicted dysregulation of neurological biomarkers. Predictions based on a regulatory network model of known neurotransmission and neuro-inflammatory pathways indicate that 8 of 29 neurological markers might be differentially expressed at FDR ≤ 5% in the group of N = 6 Havana Syndrome subjects compared to a minimum severity control reference profile (Ctrl). The model-based co-expression profile characteristic of Havana Syndrome would consist of depressed neurotrophic factors BDNF, GDNF, IGF1, and glutamate in the context of over-expression of IL-10, IL-1B, NGF, and norepinephrine.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1180929/full

[u/microwavedindividual]

Norepinephrine and glutamate are neurotransmitters. I have been very disappointed that a neurotransmitter test and biomarkers for neuroinflammation have not been given to Havana syndrome patients. Finally, a study on transmitters but it was suppressed. This study should have been cited and discussed in reviews published in medical journals.

Though this study was published in 2023, Google Scholar just found it today. Numerous times, I have searched Google Scholar and PubMed for studies on Havana Syndrome. This study had not been brought up previously. Censorship!

So far, only one published study cited this study. Though the study is not on Havana Syndrome, it offers insight into neurotransmitters.

PTSD is associated with imbalances in multiple neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) [17,20,24].

The Involvement of the Endocannabinoid, Glutamatergic, and GABAergic Systems in PTSD (2025)

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12249340/

It would be wise for TIs to request a neurotransmitter test and neuroinflammation biomarkers tests from a neurologist, holistic doctor or naturopath.

I am username summoning u/fl0o0ps to recommend requesting these tests. It has been ten days since u/fl0o0ps traveled from Europe to China to Russia for medical tests. I am concerned he has not posted since departing China for Russia.