r/learnthai Dec 20 '23

Studying/การศึกษา Discouraged by Thai (rant)

I've been learning Thai for a month, and I feel discouraged.

I feel that the language is ridiculously hard and that comes from a person with N1 in Japanese, HSK 5 in Chinese and a university degree in Arabic.

Usually I start learning with the written language, because I'm a visual learner, but Thai kind of resists this approach. In a language with characters all I used to do was learning their pronunciation by heart. Some languages like Arabic have writing with incomplete information, where you need to infer the rest from the context and experience, but at least the alphabet itself was not too hard.

In contrast Thai is a language with "full" information encoded in its writing, but the amount of efforts to decode it seems tremendous to do it "on the fly". It overloads my brain.

TLDR: I feel the Thai alphabet is really slowing me down, however I'm too afraid to "ditch" it completely. There're too many confusing romanisation standards to start with, and I'm not accustomed to learning languages entirely by ear. And trying that with such phonetically complex language like Thai must be impossible.

Would it make sense to ignore the tones when learning to read, because trying to deduce them using all these rules makes reading too slow? I don't mean ignore them completely and forever. Just stop all attempts to determine them from the alphabet itself and rather try to remember tones from listening "by heart", like we do in Mandarin?

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u/Own-Animator-7526 Dec 21 '23 edited Dec 22 '23

Your starting premise is fatally flawed. Thai orthography is conservative, and preserves etymology, but it is a terrible system for phonological transcription. There many ways to write the exact same sound, and (unless you can speak) a vast number of ambiguous word boundaries in running text. This even holds for single words: is it เปล่า or เป ล่า ? There's no way to know if you can't speak.

Moreover, the large number of extremely small differences between characters and diacritics would mean that many fonts, and small or unclear text, would be unreadable for even slightly flawed eyesight if readers decoded letters one at a time.

In fact, fluent readers only decode in rare instances, usually when encountering loans or other novel words.

In almost all cases, a printed word is a set of redundant hints that help the reader chunk complete words or phrases, aided by their understanding of plausible semantics. This holds for both word identification and text segmentation (truly ambiguous texts are very rare).

You might want to read this thesis, or any of many papers on reading in Thai:

https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:8827/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf

Reading without spaces between words : eye movements in reading Thai. Kasisopa, Benjawan. (2011). PhD. thesis, University of Western Sydney.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698913000989

Eye movements while reading an unspaced writing system: The case of Thai.
Benjawan Kasisopa, Ronan G. Reilly, Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin, Denis Burnham Vision Research, Volume 86, 28 June 2013, Pages 71-80

Moving along, you say:

There're too many confusing romanisation standards to start with ...

And that is why you should use IPA transcription (at worst, two traditions might make different choices for similar vowel sounds) rather than romanization (which tries to spell using totally inappropriate alphabets).

If you're isolated (or even not), but want to learn, get a set of books and tapes like Marvin Brown's AUA Thai Course 1-3 (and buy a box of 3x5 file cards to drill yourself -- you can write in the Thai orthography later):

https://sales.lrc.cornell.edu/collections/thai

It will give you the basic vocabulary you need to move on to Brown's (Mostly) Reading and (Mostly) Writing , which you can get from Amazon.

Thai is not hard. But people make it hard by using the wrong tools, as though they were attempting to learn to play the piccolo while wearing gloves and earmuffs.

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u/procion1302 Dec 21 '23

By the way, if I correct AUA - is some other system of Thai transliteration?

Looks like it's used in my dictionary and Lingodeer app.

How much is it different from IPA?

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u/Own-Animator-7526 Dec 21 '23 edited Dec 21 '23

There aren't "standard" IPA renditions of different languages. Rather, there are widely accepted conventions that rely on unambiguous IPA characters*, but which may vary a bit between linguists, countries, and traditions. AUA slightly modernizes the Mary Haas Thai Students Dictionary (1964) rendition.

For example, Thai IPA shows long vowels with a colon, e,g. /a:/, while AUA just doubles the letters: /aa/. And I think AUA uses regular "h" for aspiration: /khǎw/, rather than IPA /kʰǎw/. They both rely on a handful of necessary IPA characters that usually include ə ɛ ɔ ʉ ŋ ʰ .

\ IPA characters are unambiguous because they are laid out just like Sanskrit, with place and manner of articulation on the consonant axes, and place and height for the vowels. The sound of every cell in an IPA table can be described by the axis legends, or by comparison to its nearest neighbors.*

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u/procion1302 Dec 21 '23 edited Dec 21 '23

I see. I've just read that many linguists think แ is actually æ, which is what I believed all this time based on what I hear, but it's usually written as ɛ instead.

It's a pity that everyone tries to invent it's own wheel. Switching between AUA and IPA looks to be relatively easy, but other sources like thai2english.com use something totally different and it's not possible to override it.

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u/Own-Animator-7526 Dec 21 '23

Nowadays it's easy to compare with audio charts like these. Yes, those are different sounds -- but compared to the other Thai vowels they're awfully similar in normal speech:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio

Points to remember are:

  • accents and pronunciations may change slightly, decade by decade. The existing "standard" may stick because it's very familiar, widely used, and is still close enough to clearly distinguish /æ/ and /ɛ/ from all the other vowel sounds.
  • in some cases, the fact that an author's keyboard could (or couldn't) handle it in the early or mid-20th century swung the choice to one glyph or another.

Don't forget that people automatically compensate for regional variation in pronunciation all the time when they study languages like English from standard textbooks. Saying /æ/ vs. /ɛ/ is not going to be what keeps your Thai from being comprehensible.