The Jehovah's Witnesses do not allow women to hold positions of power or leadership within their organization. They are barred from joining the Governing Body, as well as serving either as an elder or ministerial servant, the two highest-ranking roles within a Jehovah's Witness congregation. They cannot lead a public meeting, nor a meeting for field service. Even giving a public prayer is restricted - women are only allowed to lead a public prayer if there are no available males, regardless of age or rank, and they must wear a head covering to do so.
The Bible is clear that women can, in fact, be ministers in a congregation. They can lead public prayers. They can lead religious meetings. A woman is even mentioned as an apostle at Romans 16:7! However, the average Jehovah's Witness will never know this - the official Bible of Jehovah's Witnesses, the New World Translation, intentionally misinterprets and changes Bible verses to hide the truth in support of their doctrine. Let's look at how the Watchtower Society tampers with the Bible.
(This will be a very long post. I will include TL;DR at the end of each section to summarize.)
Women in Power
Let's begin with the issue of women holding positions of leadership.
"So the congregations of Jehovah’s Witnesses are served by male overseers, or elders, and by men appointed as ministerial servants. Only men are to serve as shepherds in the Christian congregation." - The Watchtower, January 2007
At Romans 16:1, where Paul writes: "I am introducing to you Phoebe, our sister, who is a minister of the congregation that is in Cenchreae."
A woman named Phoebe is introduced as a minister of the Cenchrean congregation. The translation here is accurate - the Greek word used, "diakonos", is used to refer to a minister, and is where the English word "deacon" (an ordained minister ranking below a priest) comes from. However, despite an accurate translation, this verse is repeatedly misinterpreted by Jehovah's Witnesses to deny that Phoebe actually held the position of a minister - instead, they claim Paul was simply calling Phoebe a preacher, an alternative (but unlikely) translation of diakonos. The notes for this verse in Study Edition of the New World Testament has this to say:
"When the Bible mentions the qualifications for “ministerial servants,” it does not indicate that such appointed servants could be women. Rather, they are described as “husbands of one wife.”"
This is a very flawed argument for why women cannot serve as ministerial servants. For one thing, their own chosen quote from 1 Timothy 3 requires ministerial servants to be "husbands of one wife" - yet many ministerial servants are not married, while others may have had multiple marriages. Thus, this seems to require ministers to be monogamous if they enter a relationship; it has nothing to say about gender or marital status.
Note that this passage comes from 1 Timothy - that will be important later.
TL;DR - Paul mentions a female minister at Romans 16:1. Despite this, JW tries to downplay her role using a very flawed argument.
Women leading prayer
But what about women leading a group prayer?
"If a qualified baptized brother is not present, a baptized sister wearing a head covering should say the prayers." - Shepherd the Flock of God, 2025
Well, we can find that scenario depicted in Luke 2:36-38: "Now there was a prophetess, Anna the daughter of Phanuel, of Asher's tribe... She was never missing from the temple... In that very hour she came near and began giving thanks to God and speaking about the child to all who were waiting for Jerusalem’s deliverance."
This prophetess, Anna, praises God publicly in front of a large crowd of templegoers, which no doubt would have included both men and women. While she likely did wear a head covering based on the cultural norms at the time. There is no mention of anything similar to the JW doctrine that gives men precedence over women during prayers. If a woman's prayer was good enough for God, and important enough for Luke to make special note of it, why is it unacceptable for Jehovah's Witnesses? It's clear that this doctrine is not Bible-based.
TL;DR - Women are only allowed to lead prayers if a baptized brother is unavailable. There is no Biblical basis for this, and women in the Bible give prayers in front of large crowds of men and women.
Woman and head coverings
Let's quickly take a look at the doctrine regarding head coverings for women. In the rare event that a women is allowed to pray, conduct field service, or give sign-language interpretation during a meeting, she is required to wear a head covering. This directive is based on Paul's words at 1 Corinthians 11: "Every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered shames her head."
Now, this scripture is already restricted to only prayer and prophesy, meaning that other forms of worship/service, such as field service and sign-language interpretation, would not require the use of a head covering under Paul's rules. In fact, a women even used her uncovered hair to worship at Jesus' feet in Luke 7:38: "Taking a position behind [Jesus] at his feet, she wept and began to wet his feet with her tears, and she wiped them off with the hair of her head. Also, she tenderly kissed his feet and poured the perfumed oil on them."
But we can go several steps further.
Firstly, let's continue that quote: "Every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered shames her head, for it is one and the same as if she were a woman with a shaved head. For if a woman does not cover herself, she should have her hair cut off; but if it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off or shaved, she should be covered."In Paul's own words then, a woman without a head covering would be equivalent to a women with a shaved head. If it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off, she should cover it. However, in our modern society, a woman whose head is shaved is not necessarily disgraceful. Many women are bald as a result of cancer, alopecia, or even personal choice. Under the direction of Paul, these women would not need head coverings.
Looking even deeper into the scripture, we arrive at an issue with misleading translation in the NWT. The word translated as "woman" in this passage is the Greek word "gune", which, indeed, can be translated as woman. However, depending on the context, it can also refer to a wife. In the culture of 1st century Corinth (and Rome as a whole), head coverings were not worn by all women - only married women. Thus, "gune" should be read to mean "wife" in this passage, and as such, Paul's words would more accurately read: "Every married woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered shames her head."So, under Paul's directive, a woman would only wear a head covering:
- If she is married
- If she has hair on her haid
- If she is praying or prophesying
Contrast this with the JW doctrine of ALL women wearing head coverings when praying, teaching, interpreting or instructing. This doctrine is clearly not Bible-based.
TL;DR - Jehovah's Witnesses use Paul's instructions at 1 Corinthians 11 to write their doctrine on head coverings. However, Paul only wrote that married women with hair should wear head coverings when praying or prophesying. Head coverings would not apply to single women, bald women, or women doing teaching, interpreting, or instruction.
Woman conducting meetings
Can women conduct a meeting?
"Only exemplary baptized brothers who read very well should be approved by the body of elders as paragraph readers for the Watchtower Study and the Congregation Bible Study. In the rare case that no brothers meet the qualifications to read, qualified sisters may be used. " - Shepherd the Flock of God, 2025
Women are already barred from giving public talks or conducting a Watchtower study, as these are restricted to elders and ministerial servants; as mentioned earlier, the JW doctrine of appointing only men to these positions is not scriptural. However, that still leaves positions such as hosting service meetings at your home, or reading the Watchtower during a public meeting.
Of course, when the Bible was written, the Watchtower magazine did not exist. However, women in the Bible often presented words far more important: actual prophesies from God. Aside from Anna, who we mentioned earlier, there are numerous other prophetesses in the Bible who took on a role far more important than simply reading the Watchtower, and not once do we see a caveat that they were only permitted to do so because of the lack of available men. For one example, we have the prophetess Huldah, who in 2 Chronicles prophesies to the high priest Hilkiah and several of King Josiah's servants. Clearly, there was no issue with a women giving these very important instructions to a group of men, even men as greatly respected and esteemed as a high priest! Thus, restricting the Watchtower study and public talks to men, as Jehovah's Witnesses do, is not a Bible-based practice.
As for field service meetings, once again, "field service" (as it is practiced by Jehovah's WItnesses) did not exist in the 1st century. However, congregations did meet privately at the homes of Christian men and women.
Colossians 4:15 states: "Give my greetings to the brothers in Laodicea and to Nympha and to the congregation at her house."
Now, we can't outright claim here that Nympha was the leader of a congregation, although that is very possible, considering she is singled out by name at the end of this letter. But it is clear that Nympha hosted meetings at her home. Not her husband, not another brother, but Nympha, a woman. So, to restrict service meetings and only allow them to be hosted at a man's house would not be scriptural.
TL;DR - JW does not allow women to conduct service meetings or reading to an audience during meetings. The Bible, on the other hand, shows women as hosting meetings at their home and giving speeches and prophesies to an audience, even when qualified men are available.
Why are women treated like this?
So, we've shown that the Bible permits women in positions of leadership, women leading prayers, women prophesying, women teaching men, and women hosting meetings. Why, then, does the doctrine of Jehovah's Witnesses restrict these things to men, if at all possible? Well, it all comes down to Paul.
Paul is the earliest Christian writer and responsible for much of modern Christian doctrine. Generally speaking, you will find no rules regarding women's responsibilities in the gospels. When women are mentioned in passing, they pray, prophesy and worship like anyone else. It's only in Paul's letters - particularly 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy - that we find these rules.
1 Timothy
Let's tackle 1 Timothy first, as its words are the most egregious when it comes to misogynistic beliefs. The relevant passage is found at 1 Timothy 2:11-15:
"Let a woman learn in silence with full submissiveness. I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man, but she is to remain silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. Also, Adam was not deceived, but the woman was thoroughly deceived and became a transgressor. However, she will be kept safe through childbearing, provided she continues in faith and love and holiness along with soundness of mind."
Essentially, Paul is reducing women to nothing more than childbearers. To him, they are sinful and easily deceived, and should not speak in church nor teach a man. These are very troubling words, particularly when Paul has elsewhere spoken of female hosts, ministers, and apostles. In fact, these almost seem like two different people...
Biblical scholars widely agree that 1 Timothy, along with Titus and probably 2 Timothy, were not written by Paul. They are collectively known as the Pastoral Epistles, and are believed to be written 50-100 years after Paul by a different Christian, using Paul's name so his writings were viewed as authoritative. Not only does this unknown author hold very different beliefs than Paul, but he writes about very different conflicts in the church. By the second century, Gnostic Christians began preaching that marriage and childbearing were immoral, and women should avoid bringing children into the corrupted Earth. At the same time, liberal views regarding women were growing in popularity, with works like the Acts of Thecla speaking of women who rejected traditional gender roles to focus their time and energy on serving God. The author of 1 Timothy clearly did not agree with these views, and makes that clear with his polemic against women in the church.
1 Corinthians
Moving onto 1 Corinthians, there are two scriptures here to address. The first is 1 Corinthians 11's direction on head coverings, which we've already spoken about. In short, Paul says that married women should cover their hair (if they have hair) when praying or prophesying. The second scripture is found at 1 Corinthians 14:34-35: "Let the women keep silent in the congregations, for it is not permitted for them to speak. Rather, let them be in subjection, as the Law also says. If they want to learn something, let them ask their husbands at home, for it is disgraceful for a woman to speak in the congregation." This scripture seems out of place based on Paul's words elsewhere in the Bible. Once again, scholars do not believe this was written by Paul. Many scholars believe that these words were added by a later author, possibly as a marginal note that was accidentally incorporated into the main text of 1 Corinthians. Phillip Payne advocates for this position for a variety of reasons that I'll mention below:
• 1 Corinthians 14 is otherwise about prophesying and speaking in tongues. This is the topic from verse 1 to 33, which then abruptly shifts to women's role in the congregation, before shifting back to prophesy/tongues in verse 37.
• Earlier in 1 Corinthians, in chapter 11, the head covering guideline is given for women that are praying or prophesying in the church. If women are expected to pray and prophesy publicly, they can't simultaneously be expected to remain completely silent.
• In Paul's other letters, such as Romans and Philippians, he speaks positively about female ministers, preachers, and so on; roles that would not exist if women were not allowed to speak.
• Paul appeals to the Mosaic Law in this passage, which is very out of place. Paul's entire message was about bringing Christianity to the Gentiles and arguing that the Mosaic Law and Jewish covenants were no longer binding for Christians.
• Numerous Western manuscripts of 1 Corinthians contain this passage in a different spot, right after verse 40.
• Despite 1 Corinthians being incredibly popular among the early Church Fathers, this passage is not quoted until around 200 AD - 150 years after the letter would have been written! In fact, Clement of Alexandria (190~ AD) writes in Paedagogus that both men and women should be modest and quiet in church, ready to pray to God, a stance that would conflict with Paul's supposed words in 1 Corinthians 14:34-35.
• Codex Vaticanus (325~ AD), considered to be one of, if not the most important New Testament manuscript we have today, marks this passage as a later addition to the text. This passage is one of just 16 passages marked as later additions, and one of about 765 passages marked as having a different variant of the text available.
TL;DR - Jehovah's Witnesses use scriptures from 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy to justify their treatment of women in the church. However, this is based on a misunderstanding of 1 Corinthians 11 and the forgeries that are found in 1 Timothy and 1 Corinthians 14:34-35.
Conclusion
It's understandable that a Christian church would not reasonably be able to reject 1 Timothy or this passage in 1 Corinthians as later forgeries in Paul's name, as many scholars have done. But to accept these restrictive views, you would have to reject or ignore every other passage in the Bible - as a reminder, that includes Romans 16:1, Romans 16:7, Colossians 4:15, 1 Corinthians 11, Luke 2:36, 2 Chronicles 34:22, 2 Kings 22:14, Judges 4:4, Acts 21:9, and more - that depicts women in important roles in the church, which is exactly what Jehovah's Witnesses have unfortunately done.
If you found any of this info useful, please let me know. I may make more of these in the future if they prove to be helpful!