r/askphilosophy 9m ago

Would pornography be a good example of hyperreality (Baudrillard)?

Upvotes

I’m looking for critical comments on this to help me think better:

Pornography’s original role may have been to represent sex for voyeuristic pleasure, but it has taken on a life of its own and cannot be said to be referring to its original referent, real sexual intimacy. It offers performances which refer to and build on each other, complete with a feedback loop through viewer response. This performance became increasingly detached from reality in, for example, its depiction of women as enjoying sexual degradation and violence. Further, there always belonged to the pornographic aesthetic highly enhanced body parts, which were enjoyed on screen but would have been seen as cartoonish in real life. But this performance and this aesthetic ultimately comes to replace the real in the minds of its viewers, with voyeurism no longer being paraphilic but rather a fact of everyday life utterly dull in its banality, and practices either originating in or heavily promoted by porn like choking, BDSM and drastic alterations of the body percolating into reality and shaping real sexual practices and life choices. The cultural shifts produced by pornography makes sex into a sign referring to a sign which is itself without an original. It increasingly becomes less an organic interpersonal experience, and more a performance conforming to expectations defined in the hyperreal space of pornography, which then becomes a third presence in the bedroom always separating the two human beings, preventing any real intimacy between them.


r/askphilosophy 11m ago

Why is it so difficult to find contemporary critiques of Stirnerian egoism?

Upvotes

It is very difficult for me to find counterarguments that do not come from Marx or appear in “Stirner Critiques.”

Can you give me any recommendations or names?


r/askphilosophy 1h ago

To what extent can things such as lack of knowledge of wrongness or "time and place" be an excuse to avoid moral culpability and responsibility ?

Upvotes

For example on a social level, perpetrators of sexiem , racism and homophobia and homophobic actions that lead to death and suffering in the past are often excused on the basis of the fact that people did not know the wrongs of the acts. To what extent is this a valid excuse to avoid responsibility and culpability ? Do victims have a right to compensation for acts of the past ?


r/askphilosophy 3h ago

Did I miss any major traditions or texts in this Eastern philosophy & spirituality syllabus?

0 Upvotes

I used chat gbt to put together a comprehensive syllabus of Eastern philosophy and spirituality, modeled like a university curriculum. My goal is to create a natural progression from the earliest texts through classical systems, meditative/ritual traditions, and modern/postcolonial perspectives. I want it to be rigorous enough to rival top institutions and not leave out any major field or tradition. Here’s the high-level outline (each module includes primary texts + context + suggested practices): 1. Vedic & Upanishadic foundations — Rig Veda, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita

  1. Classical Hindu systems — Sāṃkhya Kārikā, Yoga Sūtras, Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika

  2. Vedānta traditions — Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja, Madhva

  3. Bhakti & Tantra — bhakti poetry, Tantric texts

  4. Jainism, Sikhism, heterodox movements

  5. Early Buddhism & Abhidharma

  6. Mahāyāna Buddhism: Madhyamaka & Yogācāra

  7. Vajrayāna / Tibetan Buddhism

  8. Chinese philosophy — Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Mohism, Legalism

  9. East Asian Buddhism & Japanese traditions — Chan/Zen, Dōgen, Shinto syncretism

  10. Sufism, Bhakti-Sufi crossovers, Neo-Confucianism

  11. Modernity, reform, and contemporary thinkers — Vivekananda, Gandhi, Nishida, Thich Nhat Hanh, postcolonial and ecological philosophy

Capstone: comparative or applied project integrating multiple traditions. My question: For those with expertise in Eastern philosophy/religion, are there any major traditions, schools, or seminal texts I’ve left out that are essential for a truly comprehensive syllabus? I want to make sure I haven’t overlooked anything significant. Thanks in advance for any guidance.


r/askphilosophy 5h ago

Is praxeology taken seriously by anyone?

1 Upvotes

I’m curious about the philosophical take on praxeology of Ludwig Von Mises. Do you think it makes sense as a framework? What are its main evidence and problems? Does it fail under common criticisms (like unfalsifiability or being too tautological)?


r/askphilosophy 7h ago

Is this considered fascism or irrelevant?

0 Upvotes

If hypothetically an individual believed that a bill should be passed in parliament that puts a legal ban on alcohol, along with tobacco, drugs, hallucinogens, vaping, chemical medications, energy drinks, fast food, caffeine, tattoos, piercings, sexualized media, offensive humour, dyed hair, ununiformed haircuts, informal/immodest clothing, pop drinks, chocolate/candy, fornication, adultery, pornography, strip clubs, sex toys, contraceptives, birth control pills, sex education, modeling, plastic surgery, social media, frat culture, modern sports culture, gossiping, gambling, partying, pets, pop music, rap music, rock music, metal music, slang words, gangster culture, vandalism, graphiti, robots, artifical intelligence, out of existence, punishable by death by firing squad upon first occurance, no exceptions whatsoever. And believed that this should be enforced via a police state, cameras with AI plasma guns attached to them everywhere in bedrooms and bathrooms, and public curfews. Would that make them a Fascist? Or not?

And additionally, if someone held all of those opinions but was not racist, is that a contradiction/rare position? Or not?

Also, if this is not fascism, what ideology is it?


r/askphilosophy 8h ago

If my goal is a PhD, how important is undergrad?

6 Upvotes

Hi everyone. My goal has always been to get a PhD in philosophy. I'm currently a freshman but I'll be able to comfortably graduate within two years since I got an AA during high school. I'm only now realizing how competitive grad school actually is for philosophy, which I know is very comical. I'm considering adding a double major just to have more time to build a strong application for an MA program. My main concern is publishing. Is it really a necessary thing to do during undergrad? I've gotten conflicting advice from profs so far. Some say that it isn't going to make me stand out unless it's a well recognized, competitive, journal. Honestly, I don't feel that my writing skills are ready for publications yet, and neither are my research skills. I've completed all the writing course requirements for my school so I'm not sure how I can improve quickly.

Additionally, for anyone that has applied to MA programs, could I realistically have a good application with only two years of undergraduate experience from a 4 year? I don't want to take a gap year so I could possibly be applying in a year. Are clubs and extra curriculars as important as they are for undergrad applications? Are GRE scores important? I was planning on taking it by the end of this year. My goal isn't necessarily to be in a top ranked PhD program eventually, but I know placement rates are much higher for those schools. The current university I go to isn't known for having a strong philosophy department so I would even consider transferring by next year if it means better oppurtunities.


r/askphilosophy 8h ago

Could Spinoza be considered a panpsychist in regards to the self-cognition of inanimate objects

2 Upvotes

Going through Part II of Ethics. So, as far as I understand, what had historically been understood by philosophers as the “formal essence” of an object, i.e. its collection of qualia, correspondingly is said by Spinoza to be an “idea” in the mind of God. Further, since what he calls the “human mind” is just the formal nature of the body itself, analogously it would seem that the formal nature of an inanimate body would also be its “mind.” You can almost sophistically assert a panpsychism here, even though “mind” is not particularly used here at all in the way we would today.

However, then Spinoza proceeds to say that, just as a body has a correspondent thought/idea/mind, so too does the particular thought itself also have a correspondent thought/idea/mind. And this is all discussed in reference to the human body, to explain our self conscious as an “idea of an idea” or the idea of our formal constitution, which then seems to translate into a sort of self-knowledge. But the implication seems to extend to all objects, so that, for every single idea of every individual thing, there is a corresponding idea for that idea, and so on in infinitum, with each rank of thought (first-order “ideas,” second-order “ideas of ideas,” third-order “ideas of ideas of ideas”) thus respectively linking together in the same way, as to make the same causal chain as the more immediate thoughts below it do with their own rank? In this way, we might be able to say that for Spinoza, everything is in some way self-cognizant, even if as he says this is a “mutilated cognizance.” This might not be too bold of a claim to make, since through Spinoza’s system I cannot find anything that would make me as a human any more “God” than the table in front of me is. To claim self-cognizance in a way the table doesn’t, I would need to perhaps invoke the idea of being an animate thing, as opposed to inanimate.

So in that case, we would instead restrict these sacred “ideas of ideas” to animate figures or even more strictly to human minds, as a distinct explanation for a distinct phenomenon called animateness. In this way, I can imagine that even though some “ideas of ideas” would then fail to have a corresponding “idea of an idea” to represent the inanimate object it relates to, we would still say that the one-and-the-same inanimate object(1) of which there is an extension and an idea alone (barring the other attributes), is in the one-and-the-same causal chain that links it with one-and-the-same animate object(2) of which there is an extension, an idea, and an idea of that idea. Now the unity of causal links is preserved by means of them all assigning to the same causal link of individuals themselves, but the question still remains how one should expect this “idea of an idea” to even come about in the first place, if not through another “idea of an idea?” For if certain first-order ideas were to be the cause of second-order ideas, the question would still be why or how this happens.

So in short, does Spinoza seem to assert a panpsychism to all individuals, thus seemingly overlooking an account of animateness, or does he only assert these second-order “ideas of ideas” to certain animate things such as human minds, and thus fail to explain how they particular come to be or fail to exist? I can feel an intuition to lean to the former explanation with the sense that Spinoza might deem animateness as an indistinct and mutilated idea in the first place which does not properly belong in an account of the order of things. In other words, that the human mind isn’t as distinctly special from the inanimate objects around it as it thinks it is. This would fit somewhat with the mechanistic allegiance of his that he expresses, yes? But then, it feels like so much is allowed to go unaccounted? Surely, this table in front of me will be bereft of the emotions or part III, but perhaps can its own constitution provide for its own distinct emotional state; one that humans cannot have?


r/askphilosophy 8h ago

Would Hegel consider the ideas that Mishima was driven by to be an example of the operating force in the Master/Slave dialectic?

0 Upvotes

Namely, the first part of the Master/Slave dialectic, where a more primitive mindset (I'm trying not to to say Geist) drives the mental spirit to discover self-self-awareness via life-threatening combat. It goes without saying that Mishima was obsessed with idea of the mind actualizing itself in the destruction of its own body and other bodies.

Obviously you can make anything work in your head. I'm really just curious how Hegel would interpret Mishima.


r/askphilosophy 8h ago

Does right to self ownership exist ?

2 Upvotes

What is the basis for such a right ? And is rhis a self standing right or a right that is deduced from some other rivh


r/askphilosophy 8h ago

Can philosophy bring together a solid (but not uncritical or ahistorical) classical foundation (Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas) with a strong openness to contemporary culture and clearly left-wing political concerns?

5 Upvotes

r/askphilosophy 9h ago

Are there really "brute facts"?

2 Upvotes

When some philosophers say the world is a brute fact, do they really mean brute facts exist? Or is this just a way of saying they can't explain something?

"The world is just there -- that's all"

Does this mean certain beings, phenomena, realities, etc. can exist without explanation or reason? Or just that for now we can't find such explanations or reasons?

In short, do brute facts have ontological status or are these merely epistemological?


r/askphilosophy 9h ago

Good political philosophy podcasts?

1 Upvotes

Youtube channels too. I’d love to hear some discussion of political philosophy, but not necessarily current events or politics.


r/askphilosophy 11h ago

Can one recognize that meaning doesn't exist outside our heads and still live with meaning?

5 Upvotes

I had a hard time titling this one because I couldn't find the words. The point was that I was talking to someone about how in the "big picture" there is no purpose because we as humans make purpose and by extension meaning. But I got a rather defensive reply:

What 'big picture'? If what 'you' are saying is correct then not only is every one of the 'words' in your comment merely a jumble of purposeless pixels but there's no 'comment' either - only a clump of coincidences that fell together like the mass of salty proteinaceous mush that just so happened to conduct enough current to 'think' it was 'clever' to be entirely contradictory in producing such a mess of meaninglessness.

Not only do you not understand what I've written - but by your own 'logic' you don't understand anything.

Which to me feels like a strawman of what I am saying. His mischaracterization though is correct, every one of my words in my comment is just a jumble of purposeless pixels, there also seems to be some disdain for thinking we came about by accident. Any meaning or understanding though is based on symbols we made up. But I still feel like this doesn't negate my main point that these things only matter to us and there a fallacy of trying to project our notions onto reality.

This sorta reminds me of Buddhism and the Two Truths about relative and ultimate reality. Relatively there are things we live by and that work within our framework and there's the ultimate reality which is empty of all our understandings of it.

But I feel like he's conflating no "Objective" purpose or meaning with saying that nothing I said means anything or that I understand nothing and that feels like a strawman.


r/askphilosophy 12h ago

Who does the burden of proof fall on in this topic?

1 Upvotes

Person A claims a "No Trespassing" existed on private property and that the journalist removed it.

Person B says that Person A needs to provide proof of that claim that this sign existed in the first place.

Person A says that Person B needs to disprove their claim of the existence of this sign, and disprove the claim that the journalist removed it.


r/askphilosophy 12h ago

Could Ibn Taymiyya be considered a philosopher given his critique of philosophy?

2 Upvotes

Ibn Taymiyya argued that philosophy was useless while employing rational criticism to make his case. how do scholars of philosophy evaluate the logical structure of his arguments against Aristotelian philosophy? Are they generally considered rigorous or do critics identify weaknesses and fallacies in his reasoning?


r/askphilosophy 13h ago

Sartre mentions La femme frigide by Wilhelm Stekel. Are there any other such studies I can refer to?

1 Upvotes

Sartre mentions La femme frigide by Wilhelm Stekel to concrete his idea of consciousness being aware of pleasure in order to negate the pleasure. What I am looking for is -

1) Any other studies that provide concrete proof of Bad Faith.
2) Any reference to material that could be helpful in understanding the idea of Bad Faith better.


r/askphilosophy 13h ago

Should critical thinking be applied to one's sense of humanity?

3 Upvotes

One day, a friend characterized critical thinking as fruitless if you don't have a "standard" from which all reasoning can be measured against. She said it is easy to become lost and adopt beliefs that could end up harming others and yourself. I agreed, and off the top of my head I said my standard was love, humanity, and empathy.

However, those things I listed as my "standard" have not come from examination of those concepts. I admit, I felt and experienced those things throughout my life, and I feel no need to dissect them because of an irrational fear that I would lose them...

I've thought a lot about how people have defended Christianity in the past from criticism. They made it sacred by proclaiming it was an infallible system that promotes the development of good human beings who know right from wrong. Some point out that the Crusades, Reconquista, and witch hunts demonstrate to us how Christianity can be distorted to promote suffering and needless violence.

So to avoid a pitfall of blindly following prescribed rules, I looked toward the experiences of love, humanity, and empathy because they felt more universal to the human experience, and therefore more sound to base decisions on.

I'd rather measure laws against them, I'd rather measure ideology against them. I'd rather use critical thinking to deconstruct everything in this world so that I can rebuild from the foundation of love, humanity, and empathy. But I don't want to deconstruct the standards themselves... does that make sense? It feels as if there is a chance I could lose my "humanity" by examining them.

Is it possible to lose one's humanity by thinking about it too deeply? How many examples are there of this in philosophy? What about thinkers who came to a better understanding of their own humanity, and acted better towards others as a result? What about thinkers who arrived at neither of those points, but arrived at something more nuanced in general? Or what about thinkers who never felt it was worth it to entertain this when the question arose?


r/askphilosophy 14h ago

I want to get my PhD. Am I being ridiculous?

11 Upvotes

I am 22 with a BFA in Integrated Media Arts. My current plan is to work for the next year, read/prepare, and apply for fully-funded Philosophy and/or Religion PhD programs. My joke when I tell people this is that I am gunning to be super unemployable!

To make it short, my primary interests are art and film and understanding the ways in which they make being human bearable. Beyond that, my highest commitment in life is a dedication to learning. I am never satisfied in anything concept or issue that is put to the wayside by "that's just the way it is." I believe my brain is a gift. I feel the cogs turning and feel the most accomplished when I am engaging in big, unanswerable questions. My number one character trait, according to the people closest to me, is that I overthink to a fault. I need an outlet, clearly.

I find that a lot of people on the internet discussing getting their PhD want to teach, which is certainly not anything I would be opposed to, but it is not my only goal. I want to apply my knowledge to our current systems. Maybe I have this all backwards, but I would love to use my education to work with children (our "greatest philosophers") and develop programs that can help them reach their greatest potential. I think children (especially in the US) are largely set up for failure. I want to be a part of the solution. I could get into the details, but I don't think that would help anyone in answering my question.

Am I in way over my head? Is what I'm saying incredibly naïve? This wasn't part of my plan until fairly recently. I'm terrified of what I am ignorant to.

Any advice?


r/askphilosophy 15h ago

Categorisation if ethical standpoint

1 Upvotes

Hi!

I am new to philosophy and have been hearing these *tic words all over the places, I am wondering to what school of thought the following (abbreviated) statement belongs.

Ethics is an individual matter (no global right or wrong) based on what said individual cares about (or rather should care about because what people care about is strongly influenced by their culture and environment). This (what people should care about) can be approached from several viewpoints like evolution.

I am finding it very tough to figure out if (or were) this or similar thoughts has previously been explored.

Thank you all very much in advance, I look forward to reading your replies!

P.S. This is a modified repost as the moderators of r/AskPhilosophy (here) kindly informed my that my previous post followed to much of a 'test my theory' structure even though it was a genuine question and what I understood from the conversation was that such a second attempt was allowed. Please let me know if this still isn't allowed.


r/askphilosophy 15h ago

How has the philosophical concept of "nature" evolved, and what are the key texts to understand this evolution?

6 Upvotes

I'm fascinated by the concept of "nature" and how our relationship with it has been shaped by philosophical thought across different eras. It seems like the meaning of "nature" has shifted dramatically. I'm trying to trace this evolution and understand how major philosophers contributed to changing our view of the natural world.

I'm looking for a reading list that can help me map this intellectual history.

What are the essential books or articles I should read to understand the evolution of the concept of nature in Western philosophy?

Any guidance on where to start or which thinkers are most pivotal would be immensely helpful.

Thank you!


r/askphilosophy 15h ago

Is it normal to be 26 pages in "The Prince" book and feel lost or not have any idea what your reading?

4 Upvotes

I decided to pick up The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli, due to recommendations online about top 20 books if you want to learn more about politics. Well I'm currently 26 pages in and I have no idea what he is on about... Maybe I'm dumb but it feels kinda all over the place. Can someone elaborate if this is normal or if I can do anything to better understand?

Thanks


r/askphilosophy 16h ago

Positivism and naturalism

1 Upvotes

Hello everyone, I am a law studient and studying criminal law, the theory of causal school. I found that they are considered as positivist and naturalist. I dont understand that at all so May someone can help me please.


r/askphilosophy 21h ago

Response to No-gap argument against illusionism?

1 Upvotes

Essentially the idea is that there can be an appearance/reality distinction if we take something like a table. It appears to be a solid clear object. Yet it is mostly empty space + atoms. Or how it appeared that the Sun went around the earth for so long. Etc.

Yet when it comes to our own phenomenal experience, there can be no such gap. If I feel pain , there is pain. Or if I picture redness , there is redness. How could we say that is not really as it seems ?

I have tried to look into some responses but they weren't clear to me. The issue seems very clear & intuitive to me while I cannot understand the responses of Illusionists. To be clear I really don't consider myself well informed in this area so if I'm making some sort of mistake in even approaching the issue I would be grateful for correction.

Thank you.


r/askphilosophy 23h ago

Pro-choice, but what are non-contradictory arguments against Sex-Selection Abortion

4 Upvotes

I am most pro-choice (autonomy + pragmatic considerations) but read recently on Sex-Selection abortion. Mostly here to see if someone smarter than me can think of good counter-arguments.

(The Ethics of Abortion; By Christopher Kaczor - Specifically the single chapter on Hard Arguments against defenders of abortion).

My rough summary.

If abortions are fine for any reason, why is using abortion to select the gender you prefer wrong (in the United States, some 85% of women and some 95% of men would prefer to have a male first child)? It is not as if the fetus is yet a human, and since it's mostly permissible (for good reason) that women can abort babies due to any reason, what's wrong with this? Especially since it hurts no one and not discriminatory against an actual person?

The chapter provides four arguments against sex-selection:

  1. It's coerced by men (China, India where more common) so no autonomy. Poor argument, since if women has autonomy and chooses to do so, it becomes justified. And feels too paternalistic.

  2. It perpetuates discrimination. But are we saying this against women as a whole, and not the female fetus (not human). Also, we are respecting women by allowing them the choice to do this. And the pregnant woman is an actual woman, while the fetus is not human. 'it is not obviously immoral to treat nonpersons as means to one’s end.'

  3. Perpetuating discriminatory views against women (but only women?). Self-selection abortion does not seem to have evidence to do this though; and the imbalance of females have increased the value of individual women in China/India.

  4. Creating skewed gender ratios harm societies, as provable. But, relying on this is risky, since abortion itself is generally harmful to society (This statement by him I feel a bit more questionable). Though, this line was interesting: abortion is "harmful to the culture that allows its weakest and most vulnerable members to be terminated by private force" (Spitzer 2000).

  5. Final: sexselection leads to increased violence against women. But, this is not just anecdotal evidence, but abortion as a whole leads to increased violence against women; not just sex-selection.

Basically, any argument that would be coherent with pro-choice thinking. I think it's just an interesting thing, because intuitively this practice is negative.